Publications

SOCRATES was developed by the UK Meteorological Office as a radiative transfer code for Earth and planetary science, based on the following paper by Edwards and Slingo (1996):

• Edwards, J. M., & Slingo, A. (1996). Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large‐scale model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 122(531), 689-719. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253107

The companion paper describing the fast two-stream flux/cooling-rate algorithms:

• Edwards, J. M. (1996). Efficient calculation of infrared fluxes and cooling rates using the two-stream equations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 53(14), 1921-1932. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053%3C1921:ECOIFA%3E2.0.CO;2

A major update was published in 2024:

• Manners, J. (2024, January). A fast and flexible scheme for photolysis and radiative heating of the whole atmosphere. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2988, No. 1, p. 030002). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0185476

Adaptation and application

SOCRATES has since been adapted and validated for hot-Jupiter and brown dwarf atmospheres:

• Amundsen, D. S., Baraffe, I., Tremblin, P., Manners, J., Hayek, W., Mayne, N. J., & Acreman, D. M. (2014). Accuracy tests of radiation schemes used in hot Jupiter global circulation models. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 564, A59. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201323169
• Amundsen, D. S., Tremblin, P., Manners, J., Baraffe, I., & Mayne, N. J. (2017). Treatment of overlapping gaseous absorption with the correlated-k method in hot Jupiter and brown dwarf atmosphere models. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 598, A97. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629322

And for its use as the radiation scheme within terrestrial-planet GCMs (e.g. LFRic-atmosphere, used by SOCRATES-based tools like AGNI):

• Sergeev, D. E., Mayne, N. J., Bendall, T., Boutle, I. A., Brown, A., Kavčič, I., Kent, J., Kohary, K., Manners, J., Melvin, T., Olivier, E., Ragta, L. K., Shipway, B., Wakelin, J., Wood, N., & Zerroukat, M. (2023). Simulations of idealised 3D atmospheric flows on terrestrial planets using LFRic-atmosphere. Geoscientific Model Development, 16(19), 5601-5626. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5601-2023

Use in PROTEUS framework

Finally, SOCRATES is used in all publications that make use of the PROTEUS framework, which can be found here.